Astro 105

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The Stars and Galaxies

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Daytime

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                    Brian Woodahl

                    bwoodahl@iupui.edu

                    Office: Science Building, LD 156-S, 278-9244

                    Class:  LE 101, Tues. and Thurs. 10:30 - 11:45 AM

                    Web: http://woodahl.physics.iupui.edu/Astro105/

                    Is the University open/closed today?

Gentle Reminder

• Final Exam on Thursday, May 7th from 10:30 AM to 12:30 PM

• Final Exam is NOT comprehensive (Yippee!), hence let's call it "Exam 3"

• Be on time, no admittance to LE 101 after 11:00 AM

• Same Format: 55 questions, multiple choice, review your notes following Exam 2 material

• Rememberize to bring a #2 pencil

• ''.. I brought my pencil, gimme something to write on, man ..'' OpScan sheets will be provided, pick one up when you enter

Exam 3 (Final Exam) Study Guide

• Exam 3 Study Guide

Quiz 12 (Thursday, April 30)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from the previous two lectures

Week 15 Images

• Vacuum Energy Due to Virtual Pairs

• Small Scale Structure of Our Universe

• Lawrence Krauss (with S. Hawking): Quintessence, The Variable Vacuum Energy

• Parallel Universes

Quiz 11 (Thursday, April 23)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from the previous two lectures

Week 14 Images

• Big Crunch

• Dark Energy

• The 3 Possible Geometries of the Universe

Quiz 10 (Thursday, April 16)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from the previous two lectures

Week 13 Images

• The Four Forces (Again)

• Gravity: Binds Objects with Mass (Motorcycle's Front Wheel Overcomes Gravity)

• Electromagnetic: Binds Electrons to Protons to Form Atoms (Beryllium Atom)

• Strong: Binds Quarks to Form Protons, Neutrons, and Nuclei (Helium Nucleus)

• Weak: Quarks Change Into Other Quarks (Neutron Decay)

• Weinberg: Co-Developed the Electroweak Theory

• Feynman: Genius Among the Physicists

• Feynman Diagrams

• Radiation-Dominated Then Matter-Dominated

Quiz 9 (Thursday, April 9)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from Tuesday and the previous Tuesday

Exam 2 Scores

• Average was 50 out of 65 (77%). Exams 1-2 and Quizzes 1-8, sorted by last 4 digits of IUPUI Student ID Number. Note: The exam score listed is the RAW number -- to obtain the percentage, divide the RAW number by 65 and then multiply by 100%. The last column indicates whether or not a student improved upon their exam score (relative to Exam 1). Of the 242 students that took Exam 2, 101 of them improved.

• Reminder, Exam 3 (i.e, Final) is set for Thursday, May 7 at 10:30 AM.

Week 12 Images

• Einstein's Lambda: The Cosmological Constant

• Cosmological Constant Changes the Expansion of Universe

• Cosmological Redshift Due to Expansion of Space

• Age Of Universe

• Big Bang Theory

• Stages of Expansion of Universe During Big Bang

• Matter Types During the Expansion of Universe

• Evidence for the Big Bang Theory: Penzias and Wilson and their Microwave Antenna

• Spectrum of Microwave Radiation Closely Matches Big Bang Theory

• "High-Tech" Big Bang Detector in Your Home: Snowy Channel on an Antenna-Fed TV (1% is CMBR)

• The Horizon Problem

• The Effects of Inflation on the Cosmic Horizon

• Inflation Theory Solves Horizon Problem

Exam 2 (Thursday, April 2)

• 65 questions, multiple choice, review your notes following Exam 1 material

• Rememberize to bring a #2 pencil

• ''.. I brought my pencil, gimme something to write on, man ..'' OpScan sheets will be provided, pick one up when you enter

Week 11 Images

• A Globular Cluster in Milky Way: Omega Centauri (NGC5139), Visible by Unaided Eye

• LSS of Universe: Clusters & Superclusters that Neighbor the Milky Way (Near-Infrared Frequencies)

• The Jets of Cygnus A (color enhanced, microwave frequencies)

• Looking for Quasars and Radio Galaxies: Australia's Telescope Compact Array (ATCA)

• Einstein During the Development of Special Relativity

• Supermassive Black Holes (SBHs) Power Quasars

• Blazars, Quasars, and Radio Galaxies

• Massive Star Collapses Forming Black Hole: Jets Along Rotation Axis Produce Gamma-Ray Long-Burst

• Gamma-Ray Short-Burst: Collision Involving Neutron Stars & Black Holes

Exam 2 Study Guide

• Exam 2 Study Guide

Week 10 Images

• Differential Rotation (Typical Galaxy)

• Dark Matter (Imagine that the green/yellow/orange strands are dark and you cannot see them.)

• Typical Spiral Galaxy (M101)

• Flocculent Spiral Galaxy (NGC4414)

• Grand Design Spiral Galaxy (M81)

• Barred Spiral Galaxy (NGC1300)

• Elliptical Galaxy (M87)

• Lenticular Galaxy (NGC3115)

• Irregular Galaxy (NGC1068)

• The Local Group, Big Players: Milky Way and Andromeda

• Galactic Rotation Curves of Nearby Galaxies

• Hubble's Plot: The Expansion of the Universe

• Hubble's Law

Quiz 8 (Tuesday, March 24)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes from last week

Week 9 Images

• "No Hair" Theorem of a Black Hole

• Kerr Black Hole is a Spinning Black Hole

• Falling Into a Black Hole: OUCH

• Hawking Radiation: Black Holes Eventually Evaporate

• General Relativity Allows for Wormhole Solutions for Faster than Light Travel

• "Back To The Past": General Relativity Allows for Wormhole Solutions for Time Travel

• Edwin Hubble: Determined M31 Was a Galaxy 2 Million Light-Years Away

• Milky Way Galaxy (Edge View)

• Spiral Structure of Milky Way Galaxy -- possibly a "Barred-Spiral"

• Supermassive Black Hole

• Synchrotron Radiation

• Solid Body Rotation

• Keplerian Rotation

• Differential Rotation (Typical Galaxy)

Quiz 7 (Tuesday, March 10)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes from last week

Week 8 Images

• The Multiple Layers of a High-Mass SuperGiant

• Death of a High-Mass Star: Supernova (Crab Nebula Produced in 1054 AD)

• Visible Reminants of Supernova: Nebula (Eskimo Nebula)

• Pulsar

• Neutron Star

• The Geometry of a Black Hole

• Einstein: General Relativity

• Postulate of General Relativity: Equivalence Principle

• Matter Warps Space and Time

• Gravitational Redshift of Light Leaving Neutron Star

• Perihelion (and Aphelion) of Planet

• Shift of the Perihelion of Mercury

• Superstring Theory

• Stephen Hawking: Primordial Micro Black Holes May Exist

• Schwarzschild: Discovered Event Horizon of Black Hole (Schwarzschild Radius)

Quiz 6 (Tuesday, March 3)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes from last week

Week 7 Images

• Main-Sequence Lifetimes

• Red Dwarfs

• On The Road to Giantdom

• Main-Sequence Versus Giant

• The Helium Flash Turning Point

• Hydrogen-Shell Burning Star

• The Double-Shell Red Giant

• Nova

• The Multiple Layers of a High-Mass SuperGiant

Exam 1 Scores

• Average was 51 out of 65 (78%). Exam 1 and Quizzes 1-4, sorted by last 4 digits of IUPUI Student ID Number. Note: The exam score listed is the RAW number -- to obtain the percentage, divide the RAW number by 65 and then multiply by 100%.

• Reminder, Exam 2 is scheduled for Tuesday, March 31.

Quiz 5 (Tuesday, February 24)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes from last week

Week 6 Images

• An Interstellar Medium Containing Carbon Monoxide (Radio Frequencies)

• Cold, Molecular, Star-Forming Cloud (Infrared Frequencies)

• Interstellar Dust Grain: Easily Scatters Blue Light

• Pink Floyd DSOM: Scattering of Light: Violet and Blue Scatter More (Bending Angle Greater) Than Red and Orange

• Blue Sky and Red Dawn on Earth

• Atmospheric Scattering of Light: Blue Daytime Skies and Red Dawn

• Gravitational Forces Generate Lumpy Protostar

• Birth Process of Star

• Artistic Rendition of Star Birth

Exam 1 (Tuesday, February 17)

• 65 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes

• Rememberize to bring a #2 pencil

• ''.. I brought my pencil, gimme something to write on, man ..'' OpScan sheets will be provided, pick one up when you enter

Week 5 Images

• Absolute Brightness or Luminosity Versus Apparent Brightness

• Light From Stars Obeys an "Inverse Square Law"

• The Hertzsprung-Russell or H-R Diagram

• H-R Diagram with the Instability Strip

• Traditional H-R Diagram with the Absolute Magnitude Scale (on right-hand side)

• Our Sun as Red Giant

• The Red SuperGiant Betelgeuse (Hubble): Diameter is Larger than Jupiter's Orbit Around the Sun

• Comparing Sizes: SuperGiants to White Dwarfs

Quiz 4 (Tuesday, February 10)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes from last week

Week 4 Images

• Our Visible Universe is Home to 10²² Stars

• Proxima Centauri

• Stellar Parallax: Determines Distance to Nearby Stars

• Stars with Higher Surface Temperatures Emit Mostly Shorter Wavelengths

• Spectral Types: O, B, A, F, G, K, M

• Binary Star Systems

• Mass Information from Doppler Shift of Spectra from a Binary Star System

Quiz 3 (Thursday, February 5)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes from last week

Week 3 Images

• Einstein (in 1904): Speed Of Light is the "Speed Limit of Our Universe"

• Light Waves Possess Wavelength and Frequency

• Visible Light is a Small Part of the Entire Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Isaac Newton (in 1670): White Light Contains All the Visible Colors (Visible Frequencies)

• Duality of Light: Light Is Both a Wave and a Particle

• Wave Aspect of Light: Young's Interference Patterns

• Particle Aspect of Light: Einstein's Photoelectric Effect

• James Maxwell (in 1860): Father of the Famous Maxwell Equations Governing the Behavior of Light

• Blackbody Radiators Produce Signature Intensity Profiles

• Wilhelm Wien (in 1893): Developed Theory (Wien's Law) for the Brightest Color of a Blackbody Radiator

• Spectra of Helium, Sodium, and Neon

• Absorption Spectra

• Niels Bohr (sitting with Einstein): Architect of Modern Theory of Atomic Physics

• Photon (wavy line) Being Absorbed by Atom -> Electron (solid blue line) Jumps Up into Higher Orbit

• Atom Emitting a Photon (wavy line) -> Electron (solid blue line) Jumps Down into Lower Orbit

• Sound Produced by Stationary Source

• Sound Produced by Moving Source: Doppler Effect

• Doppler Effect on Spectra: Redshifting and Blueshifting

Quiz 2 (Tuesday, January 27)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes from last week

Week 2 Images

• Atoms: The Building Blocks of Nature

• Water Molecule: Two Hydrogen Atoms and One Oxygen Atom

• The 4 Fundamental Interactions (Forces)

• The 4 Fundamental Forces Occur Only at Moderately Low Temperatures

• Nuclear Reactions: Fission and Fusion

• Sun's Proton-Proton Chain Fusion Reaction (4 Protons Produce Helium + Energy)

• Details of the Proton-Proton Chain

• Movie of the Proton-Proton Chain

• Sun In Hydrostatic Equilibrium

• Sun's Inner Structure (Layers Not Necessarily To Scale)

• Neutrino (Artistic Rendition)

• Homestake Neutrino Detector in South Dakota

• Ray Davis, 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics for the Detection of Cosmic Neutrinos During 1960's

• Quarks Fundamental Particles, Three Quarks in Every Proton and Neutron

Quiz 1 (Tuesday, January 20)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes from last week

Week 1 Images

• The Big Picture (actually it's a somewhat small picture)

• Examples of Some Big Numbers

• Astronomy, the Oldest of the Sciences, 5000 Years Old: Stonehenge

• Approaching Modernity: Galileo Galilei's 1610 AD Notebook Page (Who Needs Computers?)

• Our Sun (oh was it angry when we took its picture)

• Temperature: Simply a Measurement of Particle Velocity

• Authors of the ill-fated "gravitational collapse" theory: Kelvin and Helmholtz

• Sunspot Formations

• Magnetic Field Lines "Trap" Moving Charged Particles (Thus They Spiral)

• Solar Prominances (Filaments)

• Solar Flare

• Coronal Mass Ejection (Orange Disc is Photosphere, Red Disc is Chromosphere, X-Ray Photography)

Current & Interesting Articles

• MESSENGER's Latest Color-Enhanced Imagery of Mercury (Oct. 2008)

• Our Solar System Might Be Rare

• Make Room For MakeMake

• String Theory: The Myth Of Time

Course Information

• Syllabus (PDF).   Please print and keep with your notes.

• Master Schedule (PDF).   Please print and keep with your notes.

Having difficulty viewing these documents?   Update your software at Adobe.

These documents will likely be changed/updated throughout the semester.  Please check that you have the latest versions.

Notice

• Reminder to all students, do not use OnCourse or OneStart to communicate with me. Please use my direct email address: bwoodahl@iupui.edu. As spelled out in the course syllabus, the Physics/Astronomy Department does not use OnCourse or OneStart. All of our course websites are carefully handcrafted by each faculty member and run off of our local departmental Apache servers.

FYI (and Just For Fun)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 1)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 2)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 3)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 4)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 5)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 6)

• Mustangs and Corvettes Pray That They Do Not See This Dub At The Track (Warning: Contains Expletives)

• Hans Stuck Around Nurburgring

• Is Newton's Second Law Correct at Small Accelerations?

• Rossi And a Yard of Bricks

• Video Images from 2008 Indy MotoGP

• The Official MotoGP.com

• Latest "Crash.net" News

• MotoGPod

• RideOnTwo.com

• Latest Yamaha Racing News

• MotoGP at Indy

• The Old, Old Server

• Thanks for the new Hummer! (I need to get in there and get those windows washed.)

• F1 and MotoGP Technology Available Today in the Showroom

• DeLorean (in street mode) Side Profile

• Mobile Proton Accelerator Pack

• Time-Elapsed Solar Prominence

• Plage Cloud

• Rhubarb Pie

• Prominences, Filaments, Plages

• Wave

• Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum

• EM Spectrum and relative sizes

• EM Doppler Shift

• White Light is All the Colors

• Photon Absorption and Emission

• Hydrogen Spectra

• Blackbody Spectral Profiles

Physics

Physics Demo at Noblesville
View this gallery at IndyStar: Physics Demo at Noblesville

IUPUI - Updated on April 27, 2009 at 2:05 PM EDT