Astro 105

             The Stars and Galaxies

             IUPUI (Daytime)

                    Brian Woodahl

                    bwoodahl@iupui.edu

                    Office: LD 156-S, 278-9244

                    Class: LE 101, Tu,Th 10:30 - 11:45

                    http://woodahl.physics.iupui.edu

                    Is the University open/closed today?

NOTICE

• Final letter grades will be available to you at your OnCourse page by Wednesday, May 8th.

• Neither final letter grades (nor Exam III scores) will be posted here.

• This web-site is now dormant until January of 2014.

Gentle Reminder

• Final Exam on Thursday, May 2nd from 10:30 AM to 11:45 AM

• Final Exam is NOT comprehensive (Yippee!), hence let's call it "Exam 3"

• Be on time, no admittance to LE 101 after 10:50 AM (if late, you'll earn a zero)

• Same Format: Approximately 50 questions, multiple choice, review your notes following Exam 2 material

• Rememberize to bring a #2 pencil

• ''.. I brought my pencil, gimme something to write on, man ..'' OpScan sheets will be provided, pick one up when you enter

Exam 3 (Final Exam) Study Guide

• Exam 3 Study Guide

Quiz 12 (Thursday, April 25)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from the previous two lectures

Week 15 Images

• Vacuum Energy Due to Virtual Pairs

• Lawrence Krauss (with S. Hawking): Quintessence, The Variable Vacuum Energy

• Small Scale Structure of Our Universe

• Parallel Universes

Quiz 11 (Thursday, April 18)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes from the last two lectures

Week 14 Images

• Feynman: The Genius Among The Physicists

• Feynman Diagrams

• Feynman's Feynman Diagrams on Feynman's Van

• Radiation-Dominated Then Matter-Dominated

• Big Crunch

• Dark Energy

• The 3 Possible Global Geometries of the Universe

Quiz 10 (Thursday, April 11)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes from the last two lectures

Week 13 Images

• Age Of Universe

• Big Bang Theory

• Stages of Expansion of Universe During Big Bang

• Matter Types During the Expansion of Universe

• Evidence for the Big Bang Theory: Penzias and Wilson and their Microwave Antenna

• Spectrum of Microwave Radiation Closely Matches Big Bang Theory

• "High-Tech" Big Bang Detector in Your Home: Snowy Channel on an Antenna-Fed TV (1% is CMBR)

• The Horizon Problem

• The Effects of Inflation on the Cosmic Horizon

• Inflation Theory Solves Horizon Problem

• The Four Forces (Again)

• Gravity: Binds Objects with Mass (Motorcycle's Front Wheel Overcomes Gravity)

• Electromagnetic: Binds Electrons to Protons to Form Atoms (Beryllium Atom)

• Strong: Binds Quarks to Form Protons, Neutrons, and Nuclei (Helium Nucleus)

• Weak: Quarks Change Into Other Quarks (Neutron Decay)

• Weinberg: Co-Developed the Electroweak Theory

Quiz 9 (Thursday, April 4)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from Tuesday's lecture

Exam 2 Scores

• Average was 49 out of 65 (75%). Quizzes 1-8, Exam 1, and Exam 2 sorted by last 4 digits of IUPUI Student ID Number. Note: The exam score listed is the RAW number -- to obtain the percentage, divide the RAW number by 65 and then multiply by 100%.

• Reminder: Exam 3 (Final Exam) will be on Thursday, May 2, starting at 10:30 AM, same room (you must be in the room by 10:45 AM or you will receive a zero).

Week 12 Images

• The Local Group, Big Players: Milky Way and Andromeda

• Galactic Rotation Curves of Nearby Galaxies

• Hubble's Plot: The Expansion of the Universe

• Hubble's Law

• Einstein's Lambda: The Cosmological Constant

• Cosmological Constant Changes the Expansion of Universe

• Cosmological Redshift Due to Expansion of Space

Exam 2 (Thursday, March 28)

• 65 questions, multiple choice, review your notes following Exam 1 material

• Rememberize to bring a #2 pencil

• ''.. I brought my pencil, gimme something to write on, man ..'' OpScan sheets will be provided, pick one up when you enter

Exam 2 Study Guide

• Exam 2 Study Guide

Week 11 Images

• Typical Spiral Galaxy (M101)

• Flocculent Spiral Galaxy (NGC4414)

• Grand Design Spiral Galaxy (M81)

• Barred Spiral Galaxy (NGC1300)

• Elliptical Galaxy (M87)

• Lenticular Galaxy (NGC3115)

• Irregular Galaxy (NGC1068)

Quiz 8 (Thursday, March 21)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes from the last two lectures

Week 10 Images

• Edwin Hubble: Determined M31 Was a Galaxy 2 Million Light-Years Away

• Milky Way Galaxy (Edge View)

• Spiral Structure of Milky Way Galaxy -- possibly a "Barred-Spiral"

• Supermassive Black Hole

• Synchrotron Radiation

• Solid Body Rotation

• Keplerian Rotation

• Differential Rotation (Typical Galaxy)

• Dark Matter (Imagine that the green/yellow/orange strands are dark and you cannot see them.)

Quiz 7 (Tuesday, March 5)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes from last week

Week 9 Images

• Stephen Hawking: Primordial (Micro) Black Holes

• Schwarzschild: Discovered Event Horizon of Black Hole (Schwarzschild Radius)

• "No Hair" Theorem of a Black Hole

• Kerr Black Hole is a Spinning Black Hole

• Falling Into a Black Hole: OUCH

• Hawking Radiation: Black Holes Eventually Evaporate

• General Relativity Allows for Wormhole Solutions for Faster than Light Travel

• "Back To The Past": General Relativity Allows for Wormhole Solutions for Time Travel

Quiz 6 (Tuesday, Febraury 26)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes from last week

Week 8 Images

• Death of a High-Mass Star: Supernova (Crab Nebula Produced in 1054 AD)

• Visible Reminants of Supernova: Nebula (Eskimo Nebula)

• Neutron Star

• Pulsar

• The Geometry of a Black Hole

• Einstein: General Relativity

• Postulate of General Relativity: Equivalence Principle

• Matter Warps Space and Time

• Gravitational Redshift of Light Leaving Neutron Star

• Perihelion (and Aphelion) of Planet

• Shift of the Perihelion of Mercury

• Superstring Theory

Quiz 5 (Tuesday, February 19)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from last Thursday

Week 7 Images

• Main-Sequence Lifetimes

• Red Dwarfs

• On The Road to Giantdom

• Main-Sequence Versus Giant

• The Helium Flash Turning Point

• Hydrogen-Shell Burning Star

• The Double-Shell Red Giant

• Nova

• The Multiple Layers of a High-Mass SuperGiant

Exam 1 Scores

• Average was 50 out of 65 (77%). Quizzes 1-4 and Exam 1, sorted by last 4 digits of your Official IUPUI Student ID Number (this is not your SS#). Note: The exam score listed is the RAW number -- to obtain the percentage, divide the RAW number by 65 and then multiply by 100%. For a few students (those that did not show me an ID card), you will have to contact me directly regarding your scores.

• Reminder, Exam 2 date (subject to change) is scheduled for Thursday, March 28.

Week 6 Images

• An Interstellar Medium Containing Carbon Monoxide (Radio Frequencies)

• Cold, Molecular, Star-Forming Cloud (Infrared Frequencies)

• Interstellar Dust Grain: Easily Scatters Blue Light

• Pink Floyd DSOM: Scattering of Light: Violet and Blue Scatter More (Bending Angle Greater) Than Red and Orange

• Blue Sky and Red Dawn on Earth

• Atmospheric Scattering of Light: Blue Daytime Skies and Red Dawn

• Gravitational Forces Generate Lumpy Protostar

• Birth Process of Star

• Artistic Rendition of Star Birth

Exam 1 (Tuesday, February 12)

• 65 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes

• Rememberize to bring a #2 pencil

• ''.. I brought my pencil, gimme something to write on, man ..'' OpScan sheets will be provided, pick one up when you enter

Exam 1 Study Guide

• Exam 1 Study Guide

Quiz 4 (Tuesday, February 5)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from the last two lectures

Week 5 Images

• Absolute Brightness or Luminosity Versus Apparent Brightness

• Light From Stars Obeys an "Inverse Square Law"

• The Hertzsprung-Russell or H-R Diagram

• H-R Diagram with the Instability Strip

• Traditional H-R Diagram with the Absolute Magnitude Scale (on right-hand side)

• Our Sun as Red Giant

• The Red SuperGiant Betelgeuse (Hubble): Diameter is Larger than Jupiter's Orbit Around the Sun

• Comparing Sizes: SuperGiants to White Dwarfs

Amazon.com Links for Textbooks (New and Used)

• The Cosmic Perspective: Stars and Galaxies (7th Edition)

• The Cosmic Perspective (7th Edition)

• Cosmic Perspective Plus MasteringAstronomy with eText (7th Edition)

• The Cosmic Perspective: Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology (6th Edition)

• The Cosmic Perspective Plus MasteringAstronomy (USED: 6th Edition)

• The Cosmic Perspective Plus MasteringAstronomy (6th Edition)

Excellent Beginner's Telescope for General Astronomy

• Orion SpaceProbe 130ST Equatorial Reflector

• Other Telescopes Available in the Astro 100/105 Store

• Texts Also Available in the Astro 100/105 Store

Quiz 3 (Tuesday, January 29)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from the last two lectures

Week 4 Images

• Our Visible Universe is Home to 10²² Stars

• Proxima Centauri

• Stellar Parallax: Determines Distance to Nearby Stars

• Stars with Higher Surface Temperatures Emit Mostly Shorter Wavelengths

• Spectral Types: O, B, A, F, G, K, M

• Binary Star Systems

• Mass Information from Doppler Shift of Spectra from a Binary Star System

Quiz 2 (Tuesday, January 22)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from the last two lectures

• In particular, look over proton-proton chain and the four forces

Week 3 Images

• Einstein (in 1904): Speed Of Light is the "Speed Limit of Our Universe"

• Light Waves Possess Wavelength and Frequency

• Visible Light is a Small Part of the Entire Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Isaac Newton (in 1670): White Light Contains All the Visible Colors (Visible Frequencies)

• Duality of Light: Light Is Both a Wave and a Particle

• Wave Aspect of Light: Young's Interference Patterns

• Particle Aspect of Light: Einstein's Photoelectric Effect

• James Maxwell (in 1860): Father of the Famous Maxwell Equations Governing the Behavior of Light

• Blackbody Radiators Produce Signature Intensity Profiles

• Wilhelm Wien (in 1893): Developed Theory (Wien's Law) for the Brightest Color of a Blackbody Radiator

• Spectra of Helium, Sodium, and Neon

• Absorption Spectra

• Niels Bohr (sitting with Einstein): Architect of Modern Theory of Atomic Physics

• Photon (wavy line) Being Absorbed by Atom -> Electron (solid blue line) Jumps Up into Higher Orbit

• Atom Emitting a Photon (wavy line) -> Electron (solid blue line) Jumps Down into Lower Orbit

• Sound Produced by Stationary Source

• Sound Produced by Moving Source: Doppler Effect

• Doppler Effect on Spectra: Redshifting and Blueshifting

Quiz 1 (Thursday, January 17)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from the previous three lectures

• Know: temperature scale names, Galileo, multiplying large numbers, and temperature of the Sun

Week 2 Images

• The 4 Fundamental Interactions (Forces)

• The 4 Fundamental Forces Occur Only at Moderately Low Temperatures

• Nuclear Reactions: Fission and Fusion

• Sun's Proton-Proton Chain Fusion Reaction (4 Protons Produce Helium + Energy)

• Details of the Proton-Proton Chain

• Movie of the Proton-Proton Chain

• Sun In Hydrostatic Equilibrium

• Sun's Inner Structure (Layers Not Necessarily To Scale)

• Neutrino (Artistic Rendition)

• Homestake Neutrino Detector in South Dakota

• Ray Davis, 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics for the Detection of Cosmic Neutrinos During 1960's

• Quarks Fundamental Particles, Three Quarks in Every Proton and Neutron

Week 1 Images

• The Big Picture (actually it's a somewhat small picture)

• Examples of Some Big Numbers

• Astronomy, the Oldest of the Sciences, 5000 Years Old: Stonehenge

• Approaching Modernity: Galileo Galilei's 1610 AD Notebook Page (Who Needs Computers?)

• Our Sun (oh was it angry when we took its picture)

• Temperature: Simply a Measurement of Particle Velocity

• Authors of the ill-fated "chemical reactions due to gravitational collapse" theory of Sun: Kelvin and Helmholtz

• Sunspot Formations

• Magnetic Field Lines "Trap" Moving Charged Particles (Thus They Spiral)

• Solar Prominances (Filaments)

• Solar Flare

• Coronal Mass Ejection (Orange Disc is Photosphere, Red Disc is Chromosphere, X-Ray Photography)

• Atoms: The Building Blocks of Nature

• Water Molecule: Two Hydrogen Atoms and One Oxygen Atom

NOTICE: WEATHER CONDITIONS

• Check here ( http://woodahl.physics.iupui.edu/Astro105/ ) for the latest information regarding our particular class cancellation(s)

• Weather related cancellations will be announced on this page -- Please do not email me asking if class has/will be cancelled

Course Information

• Syllabus (PDF).   Please print and keep with your notes.

• Master Schedule (PDF).   Please print and keep with your notes.

• These documents will likely be changed/updated throughout the semester.  Please check that you have the latest versions.

Imagining the Tenth Dimension

• Many thanks to Ryan Bertram (Astro A100 student), who introduced me to this neat YouTube video (courtesy of Rob Bryanton, Canadian author) that discusses the ten possible dimensions of our universe.

• Imagining the Tenth Dimension

Gravity Simulator

• Many thanks to Tim McCormick (Astro A100 student), who introduced me to this fantistic webpage that models early solar system formation.

• Nowy Kurier's Gravity Simulator

Sizes (Orders of Magnitude)

• Many thanks to Elizabeth Potter (Astro A105 student), who showed me this neat webpage highlighting the relative sizes from the Local Group down to Quarks (and the corresponding orders of magnitude, or powers of ten)

• Secret Worlds: The Universe Within

FYI (and Just For Fun)

• Big Stig

• That's A Nice One, I Made That

• Top Gear

• Hans Stuck Around Nurburgring

• Is Newton's Second Law Correct at Small Accelerations?

• Top Gear's Review of GTI W12

• Rossi And a Yard of Bricks

• Mustangs and Corvettes Pray That They Do Not See This Dub At The Track (Warning: Contains Expletives)

• MESSENGER's Color-Enhanced Imagery of Mercury

• Our Solar System Might Be Rare

• Make Room For MakeMake

• String Theory: The Myth Of Time

• Video Images from 2008 Indy MotoGP

• The Official MotoGP.com

• Latest "Crash.net" News

• MotoGPod

• RideOnTwo.com

• Latest Yamaha Racing News

• MotoGP at Indy

• The Old, Old Server

• Thanks for the new Hummer! (I need to get in there and get those windows washed.)

• F1 and MotoGP Technology Available Today in the Showroom

• DeLorean (in street mode) Side Profile

• Mobile Proton Accelerator Pack

• Time-Elapsed Solar Prominence

• Plage Cloud

• Rhubarb Pie

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 1)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 2)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 3)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 4)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 5)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 6)

• Prominences, Filaments, Plages

• Wave

• Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum

• EM Spectrum and relative sizes

• EM Doppler Shift

• White Light is All the Colors

• Photon Absorption and Emission

• Hydrogen Spectra

• Blackbody Spectral Profiles

Physics At Noblesville High

• Physics Demo at Noblesville High School

Department of Physics, IUPUI - Updated on May 1, 2013 at 12:05 PM EDT