Astro 105 MW

             The Stars and Galaxies

             IUPUI (Fall 2023, Daytime MW)

                    Brian Woodahl (2023)

                    Brian Woodahl (2022)

                    Brian Woodahl (2021)

                    Brian Woodahl (2019)

                    Brian Woodahl (2007)

                    bwoodahl@iu.edu

                    (Don't Use Canvas to contact me, use email link)

                    Office: LD 156-S, 278-9244

                    Class: LE 105 on Monday and Wednesday, 12:00 - 1:15

                    http://woodahl.physics.iupui.edu/Astro105MW

                    Is the University open/closed today?

Gentle Reminder: Exam (Monday, December 11)

• Last Exam on Monday, December 11th from 12:00 PM to 1:15 PM

• The Exam is NOT comprehensive (Yippee!), hence we call it "Exam 3"

• Be on time, no admittance after 12:15 PM (if late, you'll earn a zero)

• 50 multiple-choice questions, review your notes following Exam 2 material

• Rememberize to bring a #2 pencil

• ''.. I brought my pencil, gimme something to write on, man ..'' OpScan sheets will be provided, pick one up when you enter

• The course ends after you turn-in your Exam 3, there is no final exam.

Exam 3 Study Guide

• Exam 3 Study Guide

Week 16 Images

• Dark Energy

• The 3 Possible Global Geometries of the Universe

• Vacuum Energy Due to Virtual Pairs

• Lawrence Krauss (with S. Hawking): Quintessence, The Variable Vacuum Energy

• Small Scale Structure of Our Universe

Week 15 Images

• Weinberg: Co-Developed the Electroweak Theory

• Feynman: A Genius Among Physicists

• Feynman Diagrams

• Feynman's Feynman Diagrams on Feynman's Van

• Radiation-Dominated Then Matter-Dominated

• Big Crunch

Reminder: Take-Home Project, Due on Wednesday Nov 22 by 5 PM

• Take-Home Project.pdf

Week 14 Image

• No Class on Monday. Enjoy your Thanksgiving Break!

Week 13 Images

• Stages of Expansion of Universe During Big Bang

• Evidence for the Big Bang Theory: Penzias and Wilson and their Microwave Antenna

• Spectrum of Microwave Radiation Closely Matches Big Bang Theory

• "High-Tech" Big Bang Detector in Your Home: Snowy Channel on an Antenna-Fed TV (1% is CMBR)

• Matter Types During the Expansion of Universe

• The Horizon Problem

• The Effects of Inflation on the Cosmic Horizon

• Inflation Theory Solves Horizon Problem

• The Four Forces (Again)

• Gravity: Binds Objects with Mass (Motorcycle's Front Wheel Overcomes Gravity)

• Electromagnetic: Binds Electrons to Protons to Form Atoms (Beryllium Atom)

• Weak: Quarks Change Into Other Quarks (Neutron Decay)

• Strong: Binds Quarks to Form Protons, Neutrons, and Nuclei (Helium Nucleus)

Week 12 Images

• The Jets of Cygnus A (color enhanced, microwave frequencies)

• Looking for Quasars and Radio Galaxies: Australia's Telescope Compact Array (ATCA)

• Einstein During the Development of Special Relativity

• Supermassive Black Holes (SBHs) Power Quasars

• Blazars, Quasars, and Radio Galaxies

• Massive Star Collapses Forming Black Hole: Jets Along Rotation Axis Produce Gamma-Ray Long-Burst

• Gamma-Ray Short-Burst: Collision Involving Neutron Stars & Black Holes

• Einstein's Lambda: The Cosmological Constant

• Cosmological Constant Changes the Expansion of Universe

• Cosmological Redshift Due to Expansion of Space

• Age Of Universe

• Big Bang Theory

Week 11 Images

• The Local Group, Big Players: Milky Way and Andromeda

• Galactic Rotation Curves of Nearby Galaxies

• Hubble's Plot: The Expansion of the Universe

• Hubble's Law

• A Globular Cluster in Milky Way: Omega Centauri (NGC5139), Visible by Unaided Eye

• LSS of Universe: Clusters & Superclusters that Neighbor the Milky Way (Near-Infrared Frequencies)

Exam 2 (Monday, October 30)

• 65 questions, multiple choice, review your notes following the Exam 1 material

• Rememberize to bring a #2 pencil

• ''.. I brought my pencil, gimme something to write on, man ..'' OpScan sheets will be provided, pick one up when you enter

Exam 2 Study Guide

• Exam 2 Study Guide

Week 10 Images

• Edwin Hubble: Determined M31 Was a Galaxy 2 Million Light-Years Away

• Milky Way Galaxy (Edge View)

• Supermassive Black Hole

• Synchrotron Radiation

• Solid Body Rotation

• Keplerian Rotation

• Differential Rotation (Typical Galaxy)

• Dark Matter (Imagine that the green/yellow/orange strands are dark and you cannot see them.)

• Grand Design Spiral Galaxy (M101)

• Flocculent Spiral Galaxy (NGC4414)

• Grand Design Spiral Galaxy (M81)

• Spiral Structure of Milky Way Galaxy -- possibly a "Barred-Spiral"

• Barred Spiral Galaxy (NGC1300)

• Elliptical Galaxy (M87)

• Lenticular Galaxy (NGC3115)

• Irregular Galaxy (NGC1068)

Take-Home Project (Due: Nov 22 at 5 PM)

• Take-Home Project.pdf

Week 9 Images (Wednesday only)

• Superstring Theory

• Stephen Hawking: Primordial (Micro) Black Holes

• Schwarzschild: Discovered Event Horizon of Black Hole (Schwarzschild Radius)

• "No Hair" Theorem of a Black Hole

• The Kerr Black Hole is Rotating

• Falling Into a Black Hole: OUCH

• Hawking Radiation: Black Holes Eventually Evaporate

• General Relativity Allows for Wormhole Solutions for Faster than Light Travel

• "Back To The Past": General Relativity Allows for Wormhole Solutions for Time Travel

10 Bonus Points Opportunity

• In no less than 1000 words, TYPED, submitted as a PDF (not Word or txt, etc.) to bwoodahl@iu.edu, explain in your own words the "Unruh Effect" and its connection to black holes. Make sure you include your full name, the due date is Friday Nov 17th at 5:00 PM.

Quiz 6 (Wednesday, October 11)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from last week's lectures and Monday's lecture

Week 8 Images

• The Multiple Layers of a High-Mass SuperGiant

• Death of a High-Mass Star: Supernova (Crab Nebula Produced in 1054 AD)

• Visible Remnants of Supernova: Nebula (Eskimo Nebula)

• Neutron Star

• Pulsar

• The Geometry of a Black Hole

• Einstein: General Relativity

• Postulate of General Relativity: Equivalence Principle

• Matter Warps Space and Time

• Gravitational Redshift of Light Leaving Neutron Star

• Perihelion (and Aphelion) of Planet

• Shift of the Perihelion of Mercury

Quiz 5 (Wednesday, October 4)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from the last two lectures

Week 7 Images

• On The Road to Giantdom

• It's Better To Burn Out, Than Fade Away...

• Main-Sequence Versus Giant

• The Helium Flash Turning Point

• Hydrogen-Shell Burning Star

• Recombination Photons During Helium Shell Flashes: Double-Shell Red Giant

• Nova

Week 6 Images

• An Interstellar Medium Containing Carbon Monoxide (Radio Frequencies)

• Cold, Molecular, Star-Forming Cloud (Infrared Frequencies)

• Interstellar Dust Grain: Easily Scatters Blue Light

• Pink Floyd DSOM: Scattering of Light: Violet and Blue Scatter More (Bending Angle Greater) Than Red and Orange

• Blue Sky and Red Dawn on Earth

• Atmospheric Scattering of Light: Blue Daytime Skies and Red Dawn

• Gravitational Forces Generate Lumpy Protostar

• Birth Process of Star

• Artistic Rendition of Star Birth

• Main-Sequence Lifetimes

• Red Dwarfs

Exam 1 (Monday, September 25)

• 65 questions, multiple choice, review all your notes

• Covers all lectures

• In LE 105, rememberize to bring a #2 (HB) pencil

• ''.. I brought my pencil, gimme something to write on, man ..'' OpScan sheets will be provided, pick one up when you enter

Exam 1 Study Guide

• Exam 1 Study Guide

Quiz 4 (Wednesday, September 20)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from the last five lectures

Week 5 Images

• Absolute Brightness or Luminosity Versus Apparent Brightness

• Light From Stars Obeys an "Inverse Square Law"

• The Hertzsprung-Russell or H-R Diagram

• H-R Diagram with the Instability Strip

• Traditional H-R Diagram with the Absolute Magnitude Scale (on right-hand side)

• Example: Altair

• Our Sun as Red Giant

• The Red SuperGiant Betelgeuse (Hubble): Diameter is Larger than Jupiter's Orbit Around the Sun

• Comparing Sizes: SuperGiants to White Dwarfs

Quiz 3 (Wednesday, September 13)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from the past two weeks

• In particular for 2 of the questions, know duality of light and physicist that developed the 4 equations of EM theory

Week 4 Images

• Photon (wavy line) Being Absorbed by Atom -> Electron (solid blue line) Jumps Up into Higher Orbit

• Atom Emitting a Photon (wavy line) -> Electron (solid blue line) Jumps Down into Lower Orbit

• Sound Produced by Stationary Source

• Sound Produced by Moving Source: Doppler Effect

• Doppler Effect on Spectra: Redshifting and Blueshifting

• Our Visible Universe is Home to 10²² Stars

• Proxima Centauri

• Stellar Parallax: Determines Distance to Nearby Stars

• Stars with Higher Surface Temperatures Emit Mostly Shorter Wavelengths

• Spectral Types: O, B, A, F, G, K, M

• Binary Star Systems

• Mass Information from Doppler Shift of Spectra from a Binary Star System

Quiz 2 (Wednesday, September 6)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from the past two weeks

• In particular, look over proton-proton chain and the four forces -- notably the strong and electromagnetic

Week 3 Images

• Duality of Light: Light Is Both a Wave and a Particle

• Particle Aspect of Light: Einstein's Photoelectric Effect

• Wave Aspect of Light: Young's Interference Patterns

• James Maxwell (in 1860): Father of the Famous Maxwell Equations Governing the Behavior of Light

• Wilhelm Wien (in 1893): Developed Theory (Wien's Law) for the Brightest Color of a Blackbody Radiator

• Blackbody Radiators Produce Signature Intensity Profiles

• Spectra of Helium, Sodium, and Neon

• Absorption Spectra

• Niels Bohr (sitting with Einstein): Architect of Modern Theory of Atomic Physics

Quiz 1 (Wednesday, August 30)

• 4 questions, multiple choice, review your notes from the last week and Monday's lectures

• Know: temperature scales: Kelvin (absolute), Fahrenheit, Celsius; Galileo (first to watch sunspots -- rotation rate); multiplying large numbers; and temperature of the Sun at various locations

Week 2 Images

• Atoms: The Building Blocks of Nature

• Water Molecule: Two Hydrogen Atoms and One Oxygen Atom

• The 4 Fundamental Interactions (Forces)

• The 4 Fundamental Forces Occur Only at Moderately Low Temperatures

• Nuclear Reactions: Fission and Fusion

• Sun's Proton-Proton Chain Fusion Reaction (4 Protons Produce Helium + Energy)

• Details of the Proton-Proton Chain

• Movie of the Proton-Proton Chain

• Sun In Hydrostatic Equilibrium

• Sun's Inner Structure (Layers Not Necessarily To Scale)

• Neutrino (Artistic Rendition)

• Homestake Neutrino Detector in South Dakota

• Ray Davis, 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics for the Detection of Cosmic Neutrinos During 1960's

• Quarks Fundamental Particles, Three Quarks in Every Proton and Neutron

• Einstein (in 1904): Speed Of Light is the "Speed Limit of Our Universe"

• Light Waves Possess Wavelength and Frequency

• Visible Light is a Small Part of the Entire Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Isaac Newton (in 1670): White Light Contains All the Visible Colors (Visible Frequencies)

Week 1 Images

• The Big Picture (actually it's a somewhat small picture)

• Examples of Some Big Numbers

• Astronomy, the Oldest of the Sciences, 5000 Years Old: Stonehenge

• Approaching Modernity: Galileo Galilei's 1610 AD Notebook Page (Who Needs Computers?)

• Our Sun (oh was it angry when we took its picture)

• Temperature: Simply a Measurement of Particle Velocity

• Authors of the ill-fated "chemical reactions due to gravitational collapse" theory of Sun: Kelvin and Helmholtz

• Sunspot Formations

• Magnetic Field Lines "Trap" Moving Charged Particles (Thus They Spiral)

• Solar Prominences (Filaments)

• Solar Flare

• Coronal Mass Ejection (Orange Disc is Photosphere, Red Disc is Chromosphere, X-Ray Photography)

Course Information (UNAVAILABLE until 1st week of classes)

• Syllabus (PDF).   Please print and keep with your notes.

• Master Schedule (PDF).   Please print and keep with your notes.

• These documents will likely change/update throughout the semester.  Please check that you have the latest versions.

Amazon.com Links for Optional Textbooks (New and Used)

• The Cosmic Perspective: Stars and Galaxies (7th Edition)

• The Cosmic Perspective, Both Volumes (7th Edition)

• The Cosmic Perspective, Both Volumes (6th Edition)

• Amazon.com Textbook Rentals

NOTICE: WEATHER CONDITIONS

• Check here ( http://woodahl.physics.iupui.edu/Astro105MW/ ) for the latest information regarding our particular class cancellation(s)

• Weather related cancellations will be announced on this page -- Please do not email me asking if class has/will be cancelled

Imagining the Tenth Dimension

• Many thanks to Ryan Bertram (Astro A100 student), who introduced me to this neat YouTube video (courtesy of Rob Bryanton, Canadian author) that discusses the ten possible dimensions of our universe.

• Imagining the Tenth Dimension

Gravity Simulator

• Many thanks to Tim McCormick (Astro A100 student), who introduced me to this fantistic webpage that models early solar system formation.

• Nowy Kurier's Gravity Simulator

Sizes (Orders of Magnitude)

• Many thanks to Elizabeth Potter (Astro A105 MW student), who showed me this neat webpage highlighting the relative sizes from the Local Group down to Quarks (and the corresponding orders of magnitude, or powers of ten)

• Secret Worlds: The Universe Within

Excellent Beginner's Telescope for General Astronomy

• Orion SpaceProbe 130ST Equatorial Reflector

• Other Telescopes Available in the Astro 100 Store

• Texts Also Available in the Astro 100/105 Store

FYI (and Just For Fun)

• Big Stig

• That's A Nice One, I Made That

• Top Gear

• Hans Stuck Around Nurburgring

• Is Newton's Second Law Correct at Small Accelerations?

• Top Gear's Review of GTI W12

• Rossi And a Yard of Bricks

• Mustangs and Corvettes Pray That They Do Not See This Dub At The Track (Warning: Contains Expletives)

• MESSENGER's Color-Enhanced Imagery of Mercury

• Our Solar System Might Be Rare

• Make Room For MakeMake

• String Theory: The Myth Of Time

• Video Images from 2008 Indy MotoGP

• The Official MotoGP.com

• Latest "Crash.net" News

• MotoGPod

• RideOnTwo.com

• Latest Yamaha Racing News

• MotoGP at Indy

• The Old, Old Server

• Thanks for the new Hummer! (I need to get in there and get those windows washed.)

• F1 and MotoGP Technology Available Today in the Showroom

• DeLorean (in street mode) Side Profile

• Mobile Proton Accelerator Pack

• Time-Elapsed Solar Prominence

• Plage Cloud

• Rhubarb Pie

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 1)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 2)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 3)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 4)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 5)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 6)

• Prominences, Filaments, Plages

• Wave

• Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum

• EM Spectrum and relative sizes

• EM Doppler Shift

• White Light is All the Colors

• Photon Absorption and Emission

• Hydrogen Spectra

• Blackbody Spectral Profiles

Physics At Noblesville High

• Physics Demo at Noblesville High School

University Policy Regarding Sexual Harassment

• Syllabus/Course Webpage Addendum

Department of Physics, IUPUI - Updated on November 30, 2023 at 1:35 PM EST