Astro 105 MW

             The Stars and Galaxies

             IUPUI (Fall 2020, 13 Weeks, Daytime MW)

                    Brian Woodahl (2019)

                    Brian Woodahl (2007)

                    bwoodahl@iupui.edu

                    (Don't Use Canvas to contact me, use email link)

                    Office: LD 156-S, 278-9244

                    Class: Online (was IT 155) on Monday and Wednesday, 12:00 - 1:15

                    http://woodahl.physics.iupui.edu/Astro105MW

                    Is the University open/closed today?

Gentle Reminder: Exam 3 (Online at Noon on MONDAY, November 16)

• 10 questions/problems, review all your notes

• Details posted in Canvas > Announcements

• Course ends following your exam upload

Exam 3 Study Guide

• Exam 3 Study Guide

Week 12 Video Lectures and Images

• "Fate of Universe & Dark Energy" #27 Video Lecture

• Big Crunch

• Dark Energy

• The 3 Possible Global Geometries of the Universe

• "Vacuum Energy" #28 Video Lecture

• Vacuum Energy Due to Virtual Pairs

• Lawrence Krauss (with S. Hawking): Quintessence, The Variable Vacuum Energy

• Small Scale Structure of Our Universe

Week 11 Video Lectures and Images

• "Physics of the Very Small and 4 Forces" #25 Video Lecture

• The Four Forces (Again)

• Gravity: Binds Objects with Mass (Motorcycle's Front Wheel Overcomes Gravity)

• Electromagnetic: Binds Electrons to Protons to Form Atoms (Beryllium Atom)

• Strong: Binds Quarks to Form Protons, Neutrons, and Nuclei (Helium Nucleus)

• Weak: Quarks Change Into Other Quarks (Neutron Decay)

• "Feynman, Weinberg and Unification" #26 Video Lecture

• Weinberg: Co-Developed the Electroweak Theory

• Feynman: A Genius Among Physicists

• Feynman Diagrams

• Feynman's Feynman Diagrams on Feynman's Van

• Radiation-Dominated Then Matter-Dominated

Week 10 Video Lectures and Images

• "Gamma-Ray Bursters and Cosmological Constant" #22 Video Lecture

• Massive Star Collapses Forming Black Hole: Jets Along Rotation Axis Produce Gamma-Ray Long-Burst

• Gamma-Ray Short-Burst: Collision Involving Neutron Stars & Black Holes

• Einstein's Lambda: The Cosmological Constant

• Cosmological Constant Changes the Expansion of Universe

• Cosmological Redshift Due to Expansion of Space

• "Age of Universe and the CMBR" #23 Video Lecture

• Age Of Universe

• Big Bang Theory

• Stages of Expansion of Universe During Big Bang

• Evidence for the Big Bang Theory: Penzias and Wilson and their Microwave Antenna

• Spectrum of Microwave Radiation Closely Matches Big Bang Theory

• "High-Tech" Big Bang Detector in Your Home: Snowy Channel on an Antenna-Fed TV (1% is CMBR)

• Matter Types During the Expansion of Universe

• "Horizon Problem and Guth's Inflation" #24 Video Lecture

• The Horizon Problem

• The Effects of Inflation on the Cosmic Horizon

• Inflation Theory Solves Horizon Problem

Computing Your Current Grade

• Note: Canvas does not correctly apply the weightings (it only reports your scores on the course components). Take Exam 1 raw score and divide by 30 and then multiply by 100%. Then take the Exam 2 raw score and divide by 30 and then multiply by 100%. Take both exam scores, add them, and divide by 2 (this will be your exam average percentage). Take your Paper score and multiply by 5, this is your Paper score as a percentage. Now we apply the weighting. Exams count for 85% of your grade and your Paper counts for 15%. Take your exam average percentage and multiply by 0.85 and take your Paper percentage and multiply by 0.15, then add the two numbers, that is your current numerical score in the class.

Exam 2 Scores

• Exam 2 scores have been uploaded to Canvas. The average was a 22 out of 30 (73%).

Week 9 Video Lectures and Images

• "Clusters and Hubble's Law" #20 Video Lecture

• The Local Group, Big Players: Milky Way and Andromeda

• Galactic Rotation Curves of Nearby Galaxies

• Hubble's Plot: The Expansion of the Universe

• Hubble's Law

• A Globular Cluster in Milky Way: Omega Centauri (NGC5139), Visible by Unaided Eye

• LSS of Universe: Clusters & Superclusters that Neighbor the Milky Way (Near-Infrared Frequencies)

• "Quasars" #21 Video Lecture

• Multiplying by Light is Dividing by Light

• The Jets of Cygnus A (color enhanced, microwave frequencies)

• Looking for Quasars and Radio Galaxies: Australia's Telescope Compact Array (ATCA)

• Einstein During the Development of Special Relativity

• Supermassive Black Holes (SBHs) Power Quasars

• Blazars, Quasars, and Radio Galaxies

Gentle Reminder: Exam 2 (Online at Noon on Wednesday, October 21)

• 10 questions/problems, review all your notes

• Details posted in Canvas > Announcements

Exam 2 Study Guide

• Exam 2 Study Guide

Week 8 Video Lectures and Images

• "Supermassive Black Holes & Dark Matter" #18 Video Lecture

• Supermassive Black Hole

• Synchrotron Radiation

• Solid Body Rotation

• Keplerian Rotation

• Differential Rotation (Typical Galaxy)

• Dark Matter (Imagine that the green/yellow/orange strands are dark and you cannot see them.)

• "Types of Galaxies" #19 Video Lecture

• Grand Design Spiral Galaxy (M101)

• Flocculent Spiral Galaxy (NGC4414)

• Grand Design Spiral Galaxy (M81)

• Spiral Structure of Milky Way Galaxy -- possibly a "Barred-Spiral"

• Barred Spiral Galaxy (NGC1300)

• Elliptical Galaxy (M87)

• Lenticular Galaxy (NGC3115)

• Irregular Galaxy (NGC1068)

Gentle Reminder: Paper Due Friday October 30 (by 11:59 PM)

• Typed, double-spaced, single-sided, and a minimum of one thousand words. Submitted as PDF.

• Topics: Pick one topic from the Exam I Study Guide and explain it in detail in your own words.

• Make sure you include your full name (upper righthand corner).

• Due by 11:59 PM on Friday October 30. No late submittals allowed.

• The paper must be emailed as a PDF directly to: bwoodahl@iupui.edu

• DO NOT USE CANVAS MESSAGES TO SUBMIT YOUR PAPER.

• You will receive a confirmation email from me, verifying I have received it.

Week 7 Video Lectures and Images

• "Black Holes" #15 Video Lecture

• The Geometry of a Black Hole

• Einstein: General Relativity

• Postulate of General Relativity: Equivalence Principle

• BTSOTC: Unruh Radiation and Violation of Equivalence Principle

• Matter Warps Space and Time

• Gravitational Redshift of Light Leaving Neutron Star

• Perihelion (and Aphelion) of Planet

• Shift of the Perihelion of Mercury

• Superstring Theory

• "Stephen Hawking" #16 Video Lecture

• Stephen Hawking: Primordial (Micro) Black Holes

• Schwarzschild: Discovered Event Horizon of Black Hole (Schwarzschild Radius)

• "No Hair" Theorem of a Black Hole

• Kerr Black Hole is a Spinning Black Hole

• Falling Into a Black Hole: OUCH

• Hawking Radiation: Black Holes Eventually Evaporate

• General Relativity Allows for Wormhole Solutions for Faster than Light Travel

• "Back To The Past": General Relativity Allows for Wormhole Solutions for Time Travel

• "Hydrogen Spin-Flip Radiation" #17 Video Lecture

• Edwin Hubble: Determined M31 Was a Galaxy 2 Million Light-Years Away

• Milky Way Galaxy (Edge View)

Exam 1 Scores

• Exam 1 scores have been uploaded to Canvas. The average was a 23 out of 30 (77%).

Week 6 Video Lectures and Images

• "Death of Low Mass Stars" #13 Video Lecture

• The Helium Flash Turning Point

• Hydrogen-Shell Burning Star

• The Double-Shell Red Giant

• Nova

• "Death of High Mass Stars" #14 Video Lecture

• The Multiple Layers of a High-Mass SuperGiant

• Death of a High-Mass Star: Supernova (Crab Nebula Produced in 1054 AD)

• Visible Remnants of Supernova: Nebula (Eskimo Nebula)

• Neutron Star

• Pulsar

Week 5 Video Lectures and Images

• "Main-Sequence Birth" #11 Video Lecture

• An Interstellar Medium Containing Carbon Monoxide (Radio Frequencies)

• Cold, Molecular, Star-Forming Cloud (Infrared Frequencies)

• Interstellar Dust Grain: Easily Scatters Blue Light

• Pink Floyd DSOM: Scattering of Light: Violet and Blue Scatter More (Bending Angle Greater) Than Red and Orange

• Blue Sky and Red Dawn on Earth

• Atmospheric Scattering of Light: Blue Daytime Skies and Red Dawn

• Gravitational Forces Generate Lumpy Protostar

• Birth Process of Star

• Artistic Rendition of Star Birth

• Main-Sequence Lifetimes

• Red Dwarfs

• "Variable Stars" #12 Video Lecture

• On The Road to Giantdom

• Main-Sequence Versus Giant

Gentle Reminder: Exam 1 (Online at Noon on Wednesday, September 23)

• 10 questions/problems, review all your notes

• Details posted in Canvas > Announcements

Exam 1 Study Guide

• Exam 1 Study Guide

Week 4 Video Lectures and Images

• "Stellar Mass" #8 Video Lecture

• Binary Star Systems

• Mass Information from Doppler Shift of Spectra from a Binary Star System

• "Stellar Brightness and the H-R Diagram" #9 Video Lecture

• Absolute Brightness or Luminosity Versus Apparent Brightness

• Light From Stars Obeys an "Inverse Square Law"

• The Hertzsprung-Russell or H-R Diagram

• H-R Diagram with the Instability Strip

• "Spectroscopic Parallax" #10 Video Lecture

• Traditional H-R Diagram with the Absolute Magnitude Scale (on right-hand side)

• Our Sun as Red Giant

• The Red SuperGiant Betelgeuse (Hubble): Diameter is Larger than Jupiter's Orbit Around the Sun

• Comparing Sizes: SuperGiants to White Dwarfs

Week 3 Video Lectures and Images

• "Spectra and the Doppler Effect" #6 Video Lecture

• Spectra of Helium, Sodium, and Neon

• Absorption Spectra

• Niels Bohr (sitting with Einstein): Architect of Modern Theory of Atomic Physics

• Photon (wavy line) Being Absorbed by Atom -> Electron (solid blue line) Jumps Up into Higher Orbit

• Atom Emitting a Photon (wavy line) -> Electron (solid blue line) Jumps Down into Lower Orbit

• Sound Produced by Stationary Source

• Sound Produced by Moving Source: Doppler Effect

• Doppler Effect on Spectra: Redshifting and Blueshifting

• "Parallax Formula and Surface Temperatures" #7 Video Lecture

• Our Visible Universe is Home to 10²² Stars

• Proxima Centauri

• Stellar Parallax: Determines Distance to Nearby Stars

• Stars with Higher Surface Temperatures Emit Mostly Shorter Wavelengths

• Spectral Types: O, B, A, F, G, K, M

Week 2 Video Lectures and Images

• "Proton-Proton Chain" #3 Video Lecture

• Atoms: The Building Blocks of Nature

• Water Molecule: Two Hydrogen Atoms and One Oxygen Atom

• The 4 Fundamental Interactions (Forces)

• The 4 Fundamental Forces Occur Only at Moderately Low Temperatures

• Nuclear Reactions: Fission and Fusion

• Sun's Proton-Proton Chain Fusion Reaction (4 Protons Produce Helium + Energy)

• Details of the Proton-Proton Chain

• Movie of the Proton-Proton Chain

• Sun In Hydrostatic Equilibrium

• Sun's Inner Structure (Layers Not Necessarily To Scale)

• "The Solar Neutrino Problem" #4 Video Lecture

• Neutrino (Artistic Rendition)

• Homestake Neutrino Detector in South Dakota

• Ray Davis, 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics for the Detection of Cosmic Neutrinos During 1960's

• Quarks Fundamental Particles, Three Quarks in Every Proton and Neutron

• "The Physics of Light" #5 Video Lecture

• Einstein (in 1904): Speed Of Light is the "Speed Limit of Our Universe"

• Light Waves Possess Wavelength and Frequency

• Visible Light is a Small Part of the Entire Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Isaac Newton (in 1670): White Light Contains All the Visible Colors (Visible Frequencies)

• Duality of Light: Light Is Both a Wave and a Particle

• Wave Aspect of Light: Young's Interference Patterns

• Particle Aspect of Light: Einstein's Photoelectric Effect

• James Maxwell (in 1860): Father of the Famous Maxwell Equations Governing the Behavior of Light

• Blackbody Radiators Produce Signature Intensity Profiles

• Wilhelm Wien (in 1893): Developed Theory (Wien's Law) for the Brightest Color of a Blackbody Radiator

Week 1 Video Lectures and Images

• "Introduction to the Sun" #1 Video Lecture

• The Big Picture (actually it's a somewhat small picture)

• Examples of Some Big Numbers

• Astronomy, the Oldest of the Sciences, 5000 Years Old: Stonehenge

• Approaching Modernity: Galileo Galilei's 1610 AD Notebook Page (Who Needs Computers?)

• Our Sun (oh was it angry when we took its picture)

• Temperature: Simply a Measurement of Particle Velocity

• "Kelvin & Helmholtz Theory, Sun's Exterior" #2 Video Lecture

• Authors of the ill-fated "chemical reactions due to gravitational collapse" theory of Sun: Kelvin and Helmholtz

• Sunspot Formations

• Magnetic Field Lines "Trap" Moving Charged Particles (Thus They Spiral)

• Solar Prominences (Filaments)

• Solar Flare

• Coronal Mass Ejection (Orange Disc is Photosphere, Red Disc is Chromosphere, X-Ray Photography)

Important Dates

• Exam 1: Wednesday September 23 (Noon to 1:15)

• Exam 2: Wednesday October 21 (Noon to 1:15)

• Paper due: Friday October 30 (by 11:59 PM)

• Exam 3: Monday November 16 (Noon to 1:15)

Weighting of Course Components

• Exams (Using the best 2 out of the three): 85 %

• Paper: 15 %

Exam Information

• Three exams (none are comprehensive).

• Approximately 10 partial-credit questions/problems. Study guides will be posted about a week before the exam.

• Scores will be posted online to Canvas (exams are not returned to students).

• Students need not take last exam, if they are satisfied with their scores on the first two exams.

Paper Information

• Typed, double-spaced, single-sided, and a minimum of one thousand words. Submitted as PDF.

• Topics: Pick one topic from the Exam I Study Guide and explain it in detail in your own words.

• Make sure you include your full name (upper righthand corner).

• Due by 11:59 PM on Friday, October 30th. No late submittals allowed.

• The paper must be emailed as a PDF to: bwoodahl@iupui.edu

• You will receive a confirmation email from me, verifying I have received it.

Grades

• Standard grading percentages are employed (~70% and above is C range, ~80% and above is B range, ~90% and above is A range).

• Plus and minus grades are assigned, but the breaks on these are determined by score groupings.

• There is (unadvertised) curving on the C range and to a lesser degree, some curving on the B range.

Amazon.com Links for Optional Textbooks (New and Used)

• The Cosmic Perspective: Stars and Galaxies (7th Edition)

• The Cosmic Perspective, Both Volumes (7th Edition)

• The Cosmic Perspective, Both Volumes (6th Edition)

• Amazon.com Textbook Rentals

NOTICE: WEATHER CONDITIONS

• Check here ( http://woodahl.physics.iupui.edu/Astro105MW/ ) for the latest information regarding our particular class cancellation(s)

• Weather related cancellations will be announced on this page -- Please do not email me asking if class has/will be cancelled

Imagining the Tenth Dimension

• Many thanks to Ryan Bertram (Astro A100 student), who introduced me to this neat YouTube video (courtesy of Rob Bryanton, Canadian author) that discusses the ten possible dimensions of our universe.

• Imagining the Tenth Dimension

Gravity Simulator

• Many thanks to Tim McCormick (Astro A100 student), who introduced me to this fantistic webpage that models early solar system formation.

• Nowy Kurier's Gravity Simulator

Sizes (Orders of Magnitude)

• Many thanks to Elizabeth Potter (Astro A105 MW student), who showed me this neat webpage highlighting the relative sizes from the Local Group down to Quarks (and the corresponding orders of magnitude, or powers of ten)

• Secret Worlds: The Universe Within

Excellent Beginner's Telescope for General Astronomy

• Orion SpaceProbe 130ST Equatorial Reflector

• Other Telescopes Available in the Astro 100 Store

• Texts Also Available in the Astro 100/105 Store

FYI (and Just For Fun)

• Big Stig

• That's A Nice One, I Made That

• Top Gear

• Hans Stuck Around Nurburgring

• Is Newton's Second Law Correct at Small Accelerations?

• Top Gear's Review of GTI W12

• Rossi And a Yard of Bricks

• Mustangs and Corvettes Pray That They Do Not See This Dub At The Track (Warning: Contains Expletives)

• MESSENGER's Color-Enhanced Imagery of Mercury

• Our Solar System Might Be Rare

• Make Room For MakeMake

• String Theory: The Myth Of Time

• Video Images from 2008 Indy MotoGP

• The Official MotoGP.com

• Latest "Crash.net" News

• MotoGPod

• RideOnTwo.com

• Latest Yamaha Racing News

• MotoGP at Indy

• The Old, Old Server

• Thanks for the new Hummer! (I need to get in there and get those windows washed.)

• F1 and MotoGP Technology Available Today in the Showroom

• DeLorean (in street mode) Side Profile

• Mobile Proton Accelerator Pack

• Time-Elapsed Solar Prominence

• Plage Cloud

• Rhubarb Pie

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 1)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 2)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 3)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 4)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 5)

• Mr. Weinberg (pic 6)

• Prominences, Filaments, Plages

• Wave

• Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum

• EM Spectrum and relative sizes

• EM Doppler Shift

• White Light is All the Colors

• Photon Absorption and Emission

• Hydrogen Spectra

• Blackbody Spectral Profiles

Physics At Noblesville High

• Physics Demo at Noblesville High School

University Policy Regarding Sexual Harassment

• Syllabus/Course Webpage Addendum

Department of Physics, IUPUI - Updated on November 6, 2020 at 1:31 PM EST